Molecular Robots Can Help Researchers Build More Targeted Therapeutics

All cells possess receptors on their cell surface. Drugs bind to their receptors in order to trigger the cells to perform. Since disease-causing cells' receptors may not have unique receptor compare to the healthy cells it would create a complexity which means the drugs target disease-causing cells as well as healthy cells. To overcome this challenge scientists have designed molecular robots that can identify multiple receptors on cell surfaces, thereby effectively labeling more specific subpopulations of cells. The molecular robots, called molecular automata, are composed of a mixture of antibodies and short strands of DNA (oligonucleotides). The researchers conducted their experiments using white blood cells. All white blood cells have CD45 receptors, but only subsets have other receptors such as CD20, CD3, and CD8. In one experiment, HSS researchers created three different molecular robots. Each one had an antibody component of either CD45, CD3 or CD8 and a DNA component. The DNA components of the robots were created to have a high affinity to the DNA components of another robot. DNA can be thought of as a double stranded helix that contains two strands of coded letters, and certain strands have a higher affinity to particular strands than others. The researchers mixed human blood from healthy donors with their molecular robots. When a molecular robot carrying a CD45 antibody latched on to a CD45 receptor of a cell and a molecular robot carrying a CD3 antibody latched on to a different welcoming receptor of the same cell, the close proximity of the DNA strands from the two robots triggered a cascade reaction, where certain strands were ripped apart and more complementary strands joined together. The result was a unique, single strand of DNA that was displayed only on a cell that had these two receptors. The addition of a molecular robot carrying a CD8 antibody docking on a cell that expressed CD45, CD3 and CD8 caused this strand to grow. The researchers also showed that the strand could be programmed to fluoresce when exposed to a solution. The robots can essentially label a subpopulation of cells allowing for more targeted therapy. The researchers say the use of increasing numbers of molecular robots will allow researchers to zero in on more and more specific subsets of cell populations.

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Switch from conscious to unconscious learning systems

Most students know a thing or two about learning while stressed. New research from Ruhr-University Bochum in Germany found that a certain type of cellular receptor is key to learning under pressure, according to a new study published in Biological Psychiatry. Mineralcorticoid receptors bind to molecules like the stress hormone cortisol. These receptors, the researchers found, signaled a shift from conscious to unconscious learning in people. When these receptors were blocked, individuals were less able to deliberately learn the rules to a weather prediction game. This blockage didn't affect those who were told to go with their gut and figure out the rules. Shifting learning strategies is a fundamental mechanism in adapting to stressful situations, the researchers say.

Read more: http://bit.ly/1bXvuiIJournal article: Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockade Prevents Stress-Induced Modulation of Multiple Memory Systems in the Human Brain. Biological Psychiatry, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.06.001

Speedier scans reveal new distinctions in resting and active brain

Better, faster brain scans are helping scientists get a more accurate picture of how neurons gather together in groups called networks. In a new study published in Neuron, scientists at Washington University in St. Louis used a new technique called magnetoencephalography (MEG, pictured) to watch how neurons communicate with each other. The researchers recorded the brain activity of two groups of people: one who were resting and watching a move, and the other that was instructed to notice specific changes in movie scenery and plot. Changes in movie scenery was associated with specific changes in neural networks in the visual cortex. Whereas fMRI can only record brain activity that cycles once every 10 seconds, MEG can record activity down to 50 cycles each second. This technique will greatly improve our understanding of the brain, researchers say.

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Journal article: Natural Scenes Viewing Alters the Dynamics of Functional Connectivity in the Human Brain. Neuron, 2013. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.022
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